1. Gịnị bụ apolymerenyemaka nhazi?Gịnị bụ ọrụ ya?
Azịza: Ihe mgbakwunye bụ kemịkalụ inyeaka dị iche iche dị mkpa ka agbakwunyere ụfọdụ ihe na ngwaahịa na mmepụta ma ọ bụ nhazi usoro iji melite usoro mmepụta na ịkwalite arụmọrụ ngwaahịa.Na usoro nhazi resins na raw roba n'ime plastik na ngwaahịa rọba, kemịkalụ inyeaka dị iche iche dị mkpa.
Ọrụ: ① Meziwanye arụmọrụ usoro nke polymers, kwalite ọnọdụ nhazi, ma nyefee nhazi nhazi;② Melite arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa, welie uru na ndụ ha.
2.What bụ ndakọrịta n'etiti mgbakwunye na polymers?Kedu ihe ịgba mmiri na ọsụsọ pụtara?
Azịza: Ịgba polymerization - ọdịda nke ihe mgbakwunye siri ike;Ọsụsọ - ọdịda nke ihe mgbakwunye mmiri mmiri.
Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe mgbakwunye na polymers na-ezo aka n'ikike nke mgbakwunye na polymers ka a na-ejikọta ọnụ ruo ogologo oge na-emepụtaghị nkewa na mmiri ozuzo;
3.What bụ ọrụ nke plasticizers?
Azịza: Imebi njikọ nke abụọ n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe polymer, nke a maara dị ka ndị agha van der Waals, na-abawanye ngagharị nke ụdọ polymer ma na-ebelata kristal ha.
4.Gịnị mere polystyrene ji nwee nguzogide oxidation ka mma karịa polypropylene?
Azịza: Otu nnukwu phenyl na-anọchi H nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike, na ihe kpatara PS adịghị adịkarị mfe ịka nká bụ na mgbanaka benzene nwere mmetụta nchebe na H;PP nwere hydrogen atọ na-adịkarị mfe ịka nká.
5.Gịnị bụ ihe kpatara ọkụ ọkụ na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ nke PVC?
Azịza: ① Ọdịdị yinye molekụla nwere ihe mkpofu ihe mmalite na chloride allyl, nke na-eme ka otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ rụọ ọrụ.Njikọ njedebe nke otu abụọ na-ebelata nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ;② Mmetụta nke oxygen na-eme ka mwepụ nke HCL dị ngwa n'oge mmebi okpomọkụ nke PVC;③ HCl mepụtara site na mmeghachi omume nwere mmetụta catalytic na mmebi nke PVC;④ Mmetụta nke plasticizer onunu ogwu.
6. Dabere na nsonaazụ nyocha ugbu a, gịnị bụ isi ọrụ nke ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ?
Azịza: ① Absorb na neutralize HCL, na-egbochi mmetụta catalytic ya na-akpaghị aka;② Dochie atọm chloride allyl na-adịghị akwụsi ike na ụmụ irighiri ihe PVC iji gbochie mmịpụta HCl;③ Mgbakwunye mmeghachi omume na ihe owuwu polyene na-akpaghasị nguzobe nke nnukwu usoro njikọ ma belata ụcha;④ Weghara free radicals ma gbochie oxidation mmeghachi omume;⑤ Neutralization ma ọ bụ ngafe nke ion ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ nke na-eme ka mmebi;⑥ Ọ nwere ihe nchebe, mkpuchi na ike ọgwụgwụ na radieshon ultraviolet.
7.Gịnị kpatara radieshon ultraviolet kacha emebi polymers?
Azịza: Ebili mmiri ultraviolet dị ogologo ma dị ike, na-agbaji ọtụtụ njikọ kemịkalụ polymer.
8. Olee ụdị synergistic usoro ka intumescent ire ere retardant bụ nke, na ihe bụ isi ụkpụrụ na ọrụ?
Azịza: Ndị na-ere ọkụ intumescent bụ nke sistemu synergistic nitrogen nke phosphorus.
Mechanism: Mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ polymer nwere ihe na-ere ọkụ, enwere ike ịmepụta otu oyi akwa nke ụfụfụ carbon n'elu ya.Okpokoro ahụ nwere ezigbo ire ọkụ n'ihi mkpuchi ọkụ ya, ikewapụ oxygen, nkwụsị anwụrụ ọkụ na mgbochi ntapu.
9. Gịnị bụ ihe ndekọ oxygen, oleekwa njikọ dị n'etiti nha nke ikuku oxygen na nkwụsị ọkụ?
Azịza: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, ebe O2 bụ ikuku ikuku oxygen;N2: Nitrogen eruba ọnụego.Ndekọ ikuku oxygen na-ezo aka na pasent kacha nta nke oxygen chọrọ na ikuku ikuku ngwakọta ikuku oxygen mgbe ụfọdụ nkọwapụta nwere ike na-ere ọkụ na-aga n'ihu ma na-agba ọsọ dị ka kandụl.OI <21 na-ere ọkụ, OI bụ 22-25 nwere ihe na-emenyụ onwe ya, 26-27 siri ike ịgbanye, na karịa 28 siri ike ịgbanye.
10.Kedu ka usoro antimony halide flame retardant si egosipụta mmetụta synergistic?
Azịza: A na-ejikarị Sb2O3 eme ihe maka antimony, ebe a na-ejikarị halides organic eme ihe maka halides.A na-eji Sb2O3/igwe eme ihe na halides tumadi n'ihi mmekọrịta ya na hydrogen halide nke ndị halides wepụtara.
Na ngwaahịa a na-ere ọkụ n'ime SbCl3, nke bụ gas na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere ebe isi mmiri dị ala.Nke a gas nwere nnukwu ikwu njupụta na ike na-anọ na combustion mpaghara ruo ogologo oge na-agbaze gas ọkụ, kewapụ ikuku, na-ekere òkè na igbochi olefins;Nke abuo, o nwere ike weghara free radicals na-ekpochapụ ire ọkụ.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, SbCl3 na-agbanye n'ime droplet dị ka ihe siri ike n'elu ọkụ ahụ, na mmetụta mgbidi ya na-agbasa nnukwu okpomọkụ, na-ebelata ma ọ bụ kwụsị ọsọ ọkụ.N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, oke 3: 1 dabara adaba maka chlorine na atom metal.
11. Dika nyocha nke ugbua si di, kedu usoro eji eme ihe nke ire ere?
Azịza: ① The decomposition ngwaahịa nke ire ere retardants na combustion okpomọkụ na-etolite a na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na-abụghị oxidizing glassy mkpa film, nke nwere ike ikewapụ ikuku echiche ume ma ọ bụ nwere ala thermal conductivity.
② Ndị na-ere ọkụ na-eme ka ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị ọkụ ọkụ, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ikuku ọkụ na-agbaze ma na-eme ka ikuku oxygen dị na mpaghara ọkụ ọkụ;③ Mgbasa na ire ere nke ndị na-ere ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eri okpomọkụ;
④ Ndị na-ere ọkụ ọkụ na-akwalite nhazi nke mkpuchi mkpuchi ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'elu plastik, na-egbochi ikpo ọkụ ọkụ na ọkụ ọzọ.
12.Gịnị mere plastik ji enwe ike ịnweta ọkụ eletrik static n'oge nhazi ma ọ bụ ojiji?
Azịza: N'ihi na eziokwu na molekụla agbụ nke isi polima na-akasị mejupụtara covalent agbụ, ha enweghị ike ionize ma ọ bụ nyefee electrons.N'oge nhazi na ojiji nke ngwaahịa ya, mgbe ọ na-abanye na kọntaktị na esemokwu na ihe ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ n'onwe ya, a na-akwụ ya ụgwọ n'ihi uru ma ọ bụ mfu nke electrons, ọ na-esikwa ike ịpụ n'iyi site na nduzi onwe ya.
13. Gịnị bụ ihe e ji mara molekụla Ọdịdị nke antistatic agents?
Azịza: RYX R: otu oleophilic, Y: otu njikọ, X: otu hydrophilic.N'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ha, ekwesịrị inwe nguzozi kwesịrị ekwesị n'etiti ndị na-abụghị polar oleophilic group na polar hydrophilic group, na ha kwesịrị inwe ụfọdụ ndakọrịta na ihe polymer.Alkyl dị n'elu C12 bụ ụdị oleophilic dị iche iche, ebe hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, na ether bond bụ ụdị hydrophilic.
14. Kọwaa nkenke nke usoro nke ihe mgbochi static.
Azịza: Firstly, mgbochi static elekọta mmadụ na-etolite a conductive na-aga n'ihu film n'elu nke ihe onwunwe, nke nwere ike inye elu nke ngwaahịa na a ụfọdụ ogo nke hygroscopicity na ionization, si otú mbenata elu resistivity na-eme ka eme static ebubo ngwa ngwa. ntapu, iji mezuo ebumnuche mgbochi static;Nke abụọ bụ inye ihe dị elu nke mmanye mmanye ụfọdụ, belata ọnụọgụ esemokwu, wee si otú a gbochie ma belata ọgbọ nke ebubo static.
① Mpụga mgbochi static agents na-ejikarị dị ka ihe mgbaze ma ọ bụ dispersants na mmiri, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ organic mgbaze.Mgbe ị na-eji ihe mgbochi static eme ihe na-emepụta ihe ndị polymer, akụkụ hydrophilic nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe mgbochi na-agbadosi ike n'elu ihe ahụ, na akụkụ hydrophilic na-amịkọrọ mmiri site na ikuku, si otú ahụ na-akpụ oyi akwa n'elu ihe ahụ. , nke na-ekere òkè n'iwepụ ọkụ eletrik;
② A na-agwakọta onye na-ahụ maka ihe mgbochi nke ime n'ime matrix polymer n'oge nhazi plastik, wee kwaga n'elu polymer iji rụọ ọrụ mgbochi static;
③ Polymer ngwakọta na-adịgide adịgide anti-static agent bụ usoro nke ịgwakọta hydrophilic polymers n'otu n'otu ka ọ bụrụ polymer iji mepụta ọwa na-eduzi ma na-ahapụ ụgwọ static.
15.What mgbanwe na-emekarị na Ọdịdị na Njirimara nke roba mgbe vulcanization?
Azịza: ① rọba vulcanized agbanweela site na nhazi usoro gaa na nhazi netwọk akụkụ atọ;② Igwe ọkụ anaghịzi eru;③ Agakwaghị soluble na ezigbo ihe mgbaze ya;④ modul na ike siri ike;⑤ Mma igwe akụrụngwa;⑥ Mmalite ịka nká na nkwụsi ike nke kemịkal;⑦ Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọkara nwere ike ibelata.
16. Kedu ihe dị iche n'etiti sulfur sulfide na sulfur donor sulfide?
Azịza: ① Sulfur vulcanization: Ọtụtụ sọlfọ bonds, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, ogbenye ịka nká, mgbanwe dị mma, na nnukwu nrụrụ na-adịgide adịgide;② Sulfur onyinye: Otutu otu sọlfọ bond, ezigbo okpomọkụ na-eguzogide na ịka nká.
17. Kedu ihe onye na-akwalite vulcanization na-eme?
Azịza: Nweta nkwalite mmepụta nke ngwaahịa rọba, belata ọnụ ahịa, ma melite arụmọrụ.Ihe ndị nwere ike ịkwalite vulcanization.Ọ nwere ike ibelata oge vulcanization, belata okpomọkụ vulcanization, belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke vulcanizing, ma melite njiri anụ ahụ na arụ ọrụ nke rọba.
18. Ọkụ phenomen: na-ezo aka na ihe omume nke mmalite vulcanization nke ihe ndị roba n'oge nhazi.
19. Kọwaa n'ụzọ dị nkenke ọrụ na ụdị isi ihe ndị na-eme ihe ike
Azịza: Ọrụ nke onye na-eme ihe bụ ịkwalite ọrụ nke ihe osooso, belata usoro onunu ogwu, na ibelata oge vulcanization.
Onye na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ: ihe nwere ike ịbawanye ọrụ nke ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa organic, na-enye ha ohere ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, si otú ahụ belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwa ngwa eji ma ọ bụ na-ebelata oge vulcanization.A na-ekekarị ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụzọ abụọ: ndị na-arụ ọrụ inorganic na ndị na-arụ ọrụ organic.Inorganic surfactants tumadi gụnyere metal oxides, hydroxides, na isi carbonates;Organic surfactants tumadi gụnyere fatty acids, amines, ncha, polyols, na amino alcohols.Ịtinye obere onye na-eme ihe na ngwongwo rọba nwere ike imeziwanye ogo vulcanization ya.
1) Inorganic arụ ọrụ mmadụ: tumadi metal oxides;
2) Organic na-arụ ọrụ mmadụ: tumadi acid fatty.
Ntị: ① ZnO nwere ike iji mee ihe dị ka metal oxide vulcanizing agent to crosslink halogenated roba;② ZnO nwere ike melite nguzogide okpomọkụ nke rọba vulcanized.
20.Gịnị bụ mmetụta post nke accelerators na ụdị ngwa ngwa nwere mmetụta dị mma post?
Azịza: N'okpuru okpomọkụ vulcanization, ọ gaghị ebute mmalite vulcanization.Mgbe okpomọkụ vulcanization ruru, ọrụ vulcanization dị elu, a na-akpọkwa ihe onwunwe a mmetụta post nke ngwa ngwa.Sulfonamides nwere mmetụta dị mma na post.
21. Nkọwa nke mmanụ mmanu na ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmanu ime na mpụga?
Azịza: mmanu mmanu - ihe mgbakwunye nwere ike melite esemokwu na adhesion n'etiti plastic ahụ na n'etiti gbazee na metal elu nke nhazi akụrụngwa, dịkwuo fluidity nke resin, nweta mgbanwe resin plasticization oge, na ịnọgide na-enwe na-aga n'ihu mmepụta, na-akpọ mmanu.
Ihe mmanu mmanu na-apụ apụ nwere ike ime ka mmanu dị n'elu rọba dịkwuo mma n'oge nhazi, belata ike nchikota dị n'etiti plastik na metal, ma wedata ike ịkwa akwa, si otú a na-enweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ịhazi ya ngwa ngwa n'emebighị ihe nke plastik.Ihe mmanu mmanu ime nwere ike ibelata esemokwu dị n'ime nke polymers, na-abawanye ọnụego mgbaze na mgbaze nke plastik, belata viscosity gbazee, ma melite arụmọrụ plastik.
Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmanụ mmanye n'ime na nke mpụga: Mmanụ mma n'ime chọrọ ezigbo ndakọrịta na polymers, belata esemokwu n'etiti ụdọ molekụla, ma melite arụmọrụ eruba;Na mmanu mmanu nke mpụga chọrọ ogo nke ndakọrịta na polymers iji belata esemokwu n'etiti polymers na elu igwe.
22. Gịnị bụ ihe ndị na-ekpebi ịdị ukwuu nke ike ume nke fillers?
Azịza: The ịdị ukwuu nke mkwado mmetụta na-adabere na isi Ọdịdị nke plastic n'onwe ya, ego nke filler ahụ, kpọmkwem n'elu ebe na size, elu ọrụ, urughuru size na nkesa, na-adọ Ọdịdị, na mkpokọta na dispersion nke ahụ na. polymers.Akụkụ kachasị mkpa bụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nkpuchi na oyi akwa interface nke a na-emepụta ụdọ polymer, nke na-agụnye ma ike anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal nke elu ahụ na-eme na ụdọ polymer, yana kristal na nhazi nke ụdọ polymer. n'ime interface oyi akwa.
23. Kedu ihe na-emetụta ike nke plastik ndị a kwadoro?
Azịza: ① A na-ahọrọ ike nke onye na-agba ume iji mezuo ihe ndị a chọrọ;② Enwere ike izute ike nke ndị isi polymers site na nhọrọ na mgbanwe nke polymers;③ Njikọ elu n'etiti plasticizers na isi polymers;④ Ngwa nhazi maka ihe na-ewusi ike.
24. Gịnị bụ njikọ njikọ, njirimara nhazi ya, na ihe atụ iji gosi usoro ọrụ.
Azịza: Ndị na-ejikọta ọnụ na-ezo aka n'ụdị ihe nwere ike imeziwanye njirimara interface n'etiti fillers na ihe polymer.
E nwere ụdị ọrụ abụọ dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na usoro ihe omimi ya: onye nwere ike ịnweta mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na polymer matrix ma ọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta;Ụdị ọzọ nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ kemịkalụ na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-ahụ maka njikọ njikọ silane, usoro izugbe nwere ike dee dị ka RSiX3, ebe R bụ otu na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke nwere njikọ na mmeghachi omume na ngwongwo polymer, dị ka vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, metacryl, amino, na thiol otu.X bụ otu alkoxy nke enwere ike ịmegharị ya, dị ka methoxy, ethoxy, wdg.
25. Kedu ihe bụ onye na-agba ụfụfụ?
Azịza: onye na-agba ụfụfụ bụ ụdị ihe nwere ike ịmepụta microporous Ọdịdị nke rọba ma ọ bụ plastik na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ rọba steeti n'ime ụfọdụ viscosity nso.
Onye na-ahụ maka ụfụfụ anụ ahụ: ụdị ngwakọta nke na-enweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ụfụfụ site na ịdabere na mgbanwe na ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ya n'oge usoro ụfụfụ;
Ihe na-emepụta ụfụfụ kemịkalụ: N'oge okpomọkụ, ọ ga-ere ọkụ iji mepụta otu gas ma ọ bụ karịa, na-eme ka ụfụfụ polymer.
26. Gịnị bụ àgwà nke inorganic kemịkalụ na organic kemịkalụ na decomposition nke foaming agents?
Azịza: Uru na ọghọm nke organic foaming agents: ① ezigbo dispersibility na polymers;② Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke ire ere dị warara ma dị mfe ịchịkwa;③ N2 gas na-emepụta anaghị ere ọkụ, na-agbawa, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe, na-enwe obere mgbasa ozi, ọ dịghịkwa mfe ịgbanarị ụfụfụ ahụ, na-ebute oke uwe elu;④ Obere ihe na-ebute obere ụfụfụ ụfụfụ;⑤ Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị;⑥ Mgbe ụfụfụ gasịrị, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe fọdụrụnụ, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka 70% -85%.Ihe ndị a fọdụrụ nwere ike ime ka isi ísì mgbe ụfọdụ, metọọ ihe ndị polymer, ma ọ bụ mepụta ihe ntu oyi n'elu;⑦ N'oge ire ere, ọ na-abụkarị mmeghachi omume exothermic.Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ nke ire ere nke onye na-emepụta ụfụfụ na-eji dị oke elu, ọ nwere ike ime ka nnukwu okpomọkụ dị n'ime na n'èzí usoro ụfụfụ ahụ n'oge usoro ụfụfụ ahụ, mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebute nnukwu okpomọkụ dị n'ime ma na-emebi ihe anụ ahụ na kemịkal nke polymer Organic foaming agents. na-abụkarị ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ, na ekwesịrị itinye nlebara anya na mgbochi ọkụ n'oge nchekwa na ojiji.
27. Gịnị bụ agba masterbatch?
Azịza: Ọ bụ mkpokọta e mere site n'otu n'otu na-ebunye pigmenti ma ọ bụ ihe eji esiji ihe na-adịgide adịgide n'ime resin;Ihe ndị bụ isi: pigmenti ma ọ bụ ihe eji esiji, ndị na-ebu, ndị na-ekesa, ihe mgbakwunye;Ọrụ: ① bara uru maka ịnọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke kemịkal na nkwụsi ike nke agba nke pigmenti;② Meziwanye mgbasa nke pigmenti na plastik;③ Chebe ahụike nke ndị ọrụ;④ Usoro dị mfe na ntụgharị agba dị mfe;⑤ Gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha na anaghị emerụ arịa;⑥ Chekwa oge na akụrụngwa.
28. Gịnị ka ike agba na-ezo aka?
Azịza: Ọ bụ ikike nke colorants na-emetụta agba nke dum ngwakọta na ha onwe ha na agba;Mgbe a na-eji ndị na-acha agba agba na ngwaahịa rọba, ike mkpuchi ha na-ezo aka n'ikike ha igbochi ọkụ ịbanye na ngwaahịa ahụ.
Oge nzipu: Eprel-11-2024